Human biological science
Directions
All assignments should have or be the following: (points are deducted for each of these things when
they are incorrect or missing)
FORMAT:
o Typed (hand-written work will not be accepted)
o One inch margins on all sides
o 11 point font (Calibri or Ariel) – do not switch fonts in the middle of your paper
o 1.5 spaced
o Title page – your name, the class, the title
o You may have this in a different font size but please do not have your name on the right
side or the bottom of the paper
o Double-sided printing ok
o Electronic uploads must be in .doc, .docx, or.pdf format
INTRODUCTION AND CONCLUSION:
o At least 5 sentences each
o Introduce the subject – If the subject is the heart, introduce the heart or heart disease and how
it affects the US population. If you want to write about the case study, write about the case
study.
o Your conclusion should mirror the introduction.
o An introduction and conclusion should be about the subject of the homework.
o Do NOT explain how you feel about the homework or that you learned about the
subject or that you enjoyed the homework set. This is not acceptable.
o Examples of unacceptable sentences would be:
§ “I learned a lot while researching this subject.”
§ “I enjoyed researching about ______.”
§ “I didn’t know that ________ caused __________. Now I do.”
o If you use sentences such as these, you will not receive credit for the introduction or
conclusion.
o Do not say things such as “This exam set is about _______.”
o Acceptable sentences would be:
§ “_________ is a virus that causes __________.”
§ “_________ is a misunderstood process.”
QUESTIONS:
• No excessive quotations – defined as more than one quote on a page and the quote
must be limited to one sentence in length
• Questions numbered and in correct order
• If a question has multiple parts, label them as such (a., b., c., etc.)
Directions
• A question will generally take more than one sentence to answer. A good target is at
least three sentences.
• Questions answered fully and in complete sentences
• Complete sentences contain a subject, a verb, and punctuation
o If the subject is singular, the verb should be singular.
o Examples are the following:
§ We walk down the street.
§ He walks down the street.
• In scientific writing, you do not use contractions.
o Examples of this are:
§ Don’t (use do not)
§ Can’t (use can not)
• Do not simply copy and paste information from a source. You are too advanced in your
education to do that. You can reword any sentence and make it your own. See below for
more instruction on how to reword sentences.
REFERENCES AND CITATIONS:
• At least 5 references given in MLA format
o References may include your book (that is only ONE reference), other printed
sources, web sources, journals, etc.
o Webmd can be separate references if discussing different topics as can any
website
o The following website gives great examples of how to put your references in the
correct format
§ http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-
projects/project_mla_format_examples.shtml
o A sample of a correct reference page can be viewed here
§ http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-
projects/project_mla_works_cited_examples.shtml
• Proper citation given within the text in MLA format
o Citations in MLA format will have the last name of the author written like
(Author) or the name of a website like (website.com)
• In general, each question should have one citation unless it is a question asking for your
opinion
• When writing references for websites, give the FULL HTML address. This means that the
web address will start with http://
• Wikipedia, google, yahoo, biologyflashcards.com, study.com, etc., ARE NOT ACCEPTABLE
REFERENCES. You are much too advanced in your educational careers to use simple
websites that children would use. Acceptable reference examples are Mayo Clinic,
WebMD, primary literature, etc. TurnItIn will show that you have used these references
if you
Directions
Also remember:
1. You must turn in an electronic AND a printed copy.
2. Assignments are due on their due date at the beginning of class. If an assignment is turned
in late but on the same day, the student will receive a point deduction. If the assignment is
turned in the next day, the student will receive a zero for the assignment and will not be
allowed to make up the assignment.
3. Electronic submissions will be made on Canvas and must be made by the time that the
paper is due (at the beginning of class on the due date). Electronic submissions are to
include the body of the assignment only (no title page or references, citations are ok).
Points will be deducted for not uploading on time. If your upload is a few minutes late, that
is ok.
4. The upload link will become available for upload when the due date nears. Although the link
is active past the due TIME, it is due at the time class begins. It is left active for those who
may miss the time by a few minutes due to internet connectivity issues, etc.
5. Each person’s work should be individual. Your work will be checked electronically for
plagiarism (using someone else’s work that is printed or on the internet) and collusion (using
someone else’s work in the class). Plagiarizing or colluding could result in a zero for the
assignment and you will not be allowed to make up the assignment. See the scale below:
a. Plagiarism in one question will result in a ten point deduction overall and zero
points for the plagiarized question
b. Plagiarism in two questions will result in a ten point deduction overall and zero
points for the plagiarized question
c. Plagiarism in three questions will result in a zero for the assignment.
6. You will receive a rubric on Canvas after your paper has been graded which will show you
exactly how your grade was reached.
7. You may bring your paper to me up until 30 minutes before the end of my office hours TWO
DAYS BEFORE the paper is due and I will pregrade it. You do not have to have the paper
completely finished in order for me to look at it. I will look at it more than once.
8. You will be graded on grammar and scientific merit. Please use grammar check. Having
more than three grammatical errors or typos results in a point deduction. This includes the
use of contractions. It also includes writing the name of the offending microbe incorrectly
within the paper. (The binomial name should be in italics and the genus capitalized and the
species lowercased.) Seven grammatical errors results in a larger deduction.
Directions
Your paper should follow this format: (Please follow this format so that I can find all of your answers
easily and not have to search for them. I want you to get the best grade possible. This is not an essay
test.)
Title page
5-sentences (or more) introduction
1. Question answered in a complete sentence (citation).
a. Question answered in a complete sentence (citation).
b. Question answered in a complete sentence (citation).
2. Question answered in a complete sentence (citation).
3. Question answered in a complete sentence (citation).
4. Continue until all questions are answered
5-sentence (or more) conclusion
References (in MLA format with full html web addresses)
PLAGIARISM
Anytime you have more than four (4) words in a series that were taken directly from a source, it
is a quote. You should put quotation marks around it and cite where you found it. However, at
this level of your education, you should have almost no quotes in your writing unless it is from a
famous figure of note like President Kennedy. Anyone can copy and paste. For test purposes,
you need to show the professor that you understand the material, not that you can copy and
paste an answer. In order to do that, you need to research to find the answer, understand the
information, and put it in your own words. Then give the author the glory for writing the
information down so that you could understand.
The only time that the “four words in a series” does not apply in paper is when you are listing
things like symptoms.
An example is given below. The citations and reference are in the correct format.
Question: The microbe Clostridium tetani is responsible for what type of infection? What are the
symptoms?
A Google search for “Clostridium tetani” reveals several sites. The first is Wikipedia. That is NOT an
acceptable source. Skip it. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC.gov) is a great site. Go there.
The direct quote from the CDC site says
Directions
“Tetanus is an acute, often fatal, disease caused by an exotoxin produced by the bacterium
Clostridium tetani. It is characterized by generalized rigidity and convulsive spasms of skeletal
muscles. The muscle stiffness usually involves the jaw (lockjaw) and neck and then becomes
generalized.”
Does that sound like you talking? No. That is not how you sound in person or in print. Additionally, if
you put that, it is simply copy and paste which is plagiarism. This is not answering a question with your
knowledge. This act is stealing and will cause you to receive a zero.
You can rewrite this several ways. In each of these ways, I will know that you understood what you read.
If you copied and pasted, I assume that you could not describe tetanus after doing this research and
possibly did not fully read what you copied and pasted.
What would be considered plagiarizing:
1. Tetanus is an acute, fatal disease caused by an exotoxin made by the bacterium C. tetani.
Characteristics are generalized rigidity and spasms of skeletal muscles. The muscle stiffness
usually involves the jaw (lockjaw) and neck and then is generalized.
Here’s the original with highlighted areas showing what I used that was the same. Brackets are around
the new words I replaced to make it “my own.”
“Tetanus is an acute, often fatal, disease caused by an exotoxin [made] produced by the bacterium
Clostridium [C.] tetani. [It is] characterized [characteristics are] by generalized rigidity and [convulsive]
spasms of skeletal muscles. The muscle stiffness usually involves the jaw (lockjaw) and neck and then [is]
becomes generalized.”
2. Tetanus is acute and can be fatal disease caused by an exotoxin produced by the bacterium
Clostridium tetani. It is characterized by rigidity and spasms of skeletal muscles. The muscle
stiffness usually involves the jaw (lockjaw) and neck and then becomes generalized.
“Tetanus is an acute, [and can be] often fatal, disease caused by an exotoxin produced by the bacterium
Clostridium tetani. It is characterized by generalized rigidity and convulsive spasms of skeletal muscles.
The muscle stiffness usually involves the jaw (lockjaw) and neck and then becomes generalized.”
3. The disease Tetanus is acute and often fatal. caused by an exotoxin produced by the bacterium
Clostridium tetani. It is characterized by generalized rigidity and convulsive spasms of skeletal
muscles. Lockjaw is muscle stiffness in the jaw and neck and then becomes generalized.
Directions
“[The disease} Tetanus is an acute, [and] often fatal, disease caused by an exotoxin produced by
the bacterium Clostridium tetani. It is characterized by generalized rigidity and convulsive
spasms of skeletal muscles. [Lockjaw] is muscle stiffness in the jaw (lockjaw) and neck and then
becomes generalized.”
For the above, I copied and pasted then removed a few words from the sentence. I can do that with
any subject in the world and learn nothing at al. The point is for you to learn and to show me that
you, in fact, learned.
What would be good and no plagiarism detected:
1. Clostridium tetani causes tetanus. This is an infection which results in rigidity and muscle
spasms that usually start in the jaw and neck then move to the rest of the body. (Centers for
Disease Control)
2. Tetanus is an infection caused by the microbe Clostridium tetani. When someone has tetanus,
they will experience muscle spasms that start in the jaw and neck then move to the rest of the
body. (Centers for Disease Control)
3. The main symptoms of tetanus are muscle spasms that start in the jaw and neck. These spasms
then move to the rest of the body. Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani. (Centers for Disease
Control)
4. Clostridium tetani releases an exotoxin that causes muscle spasms. The spasms lead to rigidity
of muscles in the neck and jaw and then spread to the rest of the body. This infection is called
tetanus. (Centers for Disease Control; Centers for Disease Control)
Works Cited
Centers for Disease Control. Tetanus. 7 July 2014. 16 September 2014.
Some sobering statistics are available concerning an infection that is
preventable. It is estimated that 1.1 million people in the US have it and 15 percent
of those individuals do not know it. In 2018, almost 38,000 new cases were reported.
25% of infections occur in younger people between the ages of 13-24. (Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention) And statistically, the most at risk are African
American men and Latino men. 52% of the new infections are here in the
Southeastern US. One of the most concerning issues is that once a person is diagnosed,
many will not continue treatment in spite of the fact that the disease is deadly. You
have probably guessed that the infection is HIV/AIDS. The most at risk group?
Homosexual and bisexual men. But does that mean if you are heterosexual or
Caucasian that you are “safe” from infection? Of course not.
An article from the Washington Post “In D.C., HIV infection rate nearly doubles
for some poor black women” by Lena Sun reported in 2012 that in the poorer
neighborhoods of DC, where most individuals are making less than $10,000/year or
are unemployed, the HIV infection rate for heterosexual African American women is
12.1 percent. (Sun) Overall, in DC considering all neighborhoods and all sexual
orientations, there is a 3% infection rate. A 1% infection rate is classified as an
epidemic by the World Health Organization and Center for Disease Control. The
infection rate seen in DC is similar to that seen in West Africa and Haiti. (Tanne)
As you answer the following questions, make sure that you do not simply answer in
just a few words (“yes” or “no” is not an acceptable answer). Answer in complete
sentences and it should take at least three sentences to answer a particular question.
Most questions will take more.
Questions:
1. Name three ways HIV can be contracted. Name three ways HIV is not
contracted. Explain why HIV can be contracted/not contracted in the ways you
have mentioned.
2. The stage of HIV infection is closely monitored by a person’s viral load. A
patient is tested by health professionals with a particular blood test to
determine their viral load. Describe what viral load is and the blood test used.
(The CDC website is a good reference for this.)
3. If a viral load is “undetectable” does that mean the person does not have HIV
anymore? Explain.
4. Describe the type of cells that HIV normally infects. In your description
provide the normal function of these cells.
5. Describe acute infection including
a. What are the symptoms?
b. How long does this phase last?
c. Do treatments work at this time?
d. Is the patient at risk of infecting others?
e. What is their viral load?
f. What is their T cell count?
6. Describe clinical latency including
a. What are the symptoms?
b. How long does this phase last?
c. Do treatments work at this time?
d. Is the patient at risk of infecting others?
e. What is their viral load?
f. What is their T cell count?
7. Describe AIDS including
a. What are the symptoms?
b. How long does this phase last?
c. Do treatments work at this time?
d. Is the patient at risk of infecting others?
e. What is their viral load?
f. What is their T cell count?
8. Is there an HIV vaccine? Why or why not?
9. Describe the current treatment for HIV.
10. Provide a description of PrEP (Truvada)? Is Truvada considered to be a
vaccine? Who should take PrEP? Does it replace other preventative measures?
11. OraQuick is an at-home HIV test. Describe how it used and its accuracy. Is it
possible to get a “false positive” or a “false negative” result? What would this
mean?
12. Prevention of HIV
a. Name four preventive measures that can be taken to ensure that you
do not contract HIV.
b. Distinguish between the following types of condoms and their
effectiveness in preventing the spread of HIV: latex, polyurethane,
lambskin
c. If you are already infected with HPV or genital herpes, does this change
your chances of contracting HIV?
13. Name three places in Tallahassee where you can be tested for free, or for a
reduced fee, for STDs including HIV. Provide all STDs included in the panel of
testing. Additionally, provide a list of any services provided after a person has
been diagnosed with an S
